Аннотация:This review article provides a comprehensive analysis of changes in the estimates of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions and uptake by terrestrial and ocean ecosystems in the 21st century. The article examines key methods for estimating greenhouse gas f luxes, including national inventories, biogeochemical models, inversion modeling, and machine learning. The article also discusses the advantages and limitations of these methods. Particular attention is given to the dynamics of CO2 and CH4 emission and uptake by land and ocean ecosystems, as well as the role of various ecosystems, including tropical and boreal forests, and wetlands, in this process. Additionally, the article discusses how climate change impacts CO2 and CH4 fluxes, including the effects of permafrost thaw, forest fires, and ocean acidification. The article addresses discrepancies between estimates derived from various methods and uncertainties arising from limited observational data. Finally, the article considers future scenarios of greenhouse gas f lux changes depending on climatic and anthropogenic factors. Overall, the article emphasizes the need for monitoring systems and international cooperation to improve forecasts and implement climate strategies.
