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Wages and inequalities in the global development since the 1960sстатья
- Авторы: Chelini M-P, Borodkin L.
- Журнал: Revue Francaise d'Histoire Economique
- Том: 2023
- Номер: 1
- Год издания: 2023
- Первая страница: 10
- Последняя страница: 31
- Аннотация: Wages? Wages are a very important reality of contemporary economies and societies, especially in advanced countries, even if the waged workforce is progressing in emerging market economies. They represent approximately 40% of global GDP, 50% of the workforce and in most countries they reach average levels in good correspondence with GDP per capita. Since 1950, the overall average increase in wages has been around 2% each year with a faster first period between 1950 and 1980 in advanced countries than in emerging countries and a reverse situation since 1980-90 when Asia showed the highest global wage growth rates. On the other hand, the situation of LDCs remains very difficult. The PPP wage differential between developed and large emerging countries is 1 to 3, with all developing countries 1 to 7.5, and with LDCs 1 to 20. Salary strategies are plural and emanate from four groups of actors: private employers (companies, associations, individuals), unions (defending the employees), the public authorities (public service salaries, minimum wage etc.), and the employees themselves (career and qualification strategy etc.). Inequalities? Inequalities present a situation of more marked differences in access to scarce and valuable social resources such as education, power, culture, capital or income. The different forms of inequality appear to be linked and correlated with socio-professional categories (income, qualification, social capital, standard of living, etc.). In justice-equity (“everyone gets his due”), everyone should receive a fair share consistent with society’s general expectations of each individual share (income, time, capital, etc.). In an initial justice-equality, social justice aims for a progressively fairer society, a final equality based on the persistence of injustices to be fought. Justice equity or equality is commutative if it is based on the idea of pure reciprocity between members and society: each receives in proportion to his efforts. Social justice is distributive if it seeks to allocate to each a share destined to live decently and defines for this purpose the benchmarks of this “decency” and this economic, social and cultural “distribution”. By default, what is not socially acceptable by society is more or less “unfair”. Thus the differences in salaries between diplomas end up being considered fair, because the majority of society considers them acceptable and linked to differences in education, skills or responsibilities (engineer/worker, physician/caregiver). Fairness? A fair wage is a wage that satisfies four requirements at the same time: social justice and equity, economic performance and productivity, the moral agreement of the parties concerned (employer, employees, union and public authorities) and a decent level of life. The main difficulty in precisely and quantitatively defining a fair wage comes from the fact that market data rarely allow researchers to measure the individual productivity of workers and its value. The rare studies on the subject show that the basis of a fair wage is not primarily economic, but also ethical, political, social or socio-cultural. There are several fair wages levels according to a scale that remains differentiated. For the unskilled worker, a fair wage means a subsistence minimum; for intermediate professions the fair wage is an average wage; for high wages, fair wage means not too high compared to low wages. The fair salary is at least as qualitative (consideration, good industrial relations) as quantitative (level of remuneration, social benefits). The recent development of a movement for fair wages improves many initiatives with employers and their employees.
- Добавил в систему: Бородкин Леонид Иосифович