The formation and impact of landslide dams – State of the artстатья
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Дата последнего поиска статьи во внешних источниках: 4 июня 2021 г.
Аннотация:The blocking of river courses by mass movements is very common in mountainous areas with deep and narrowvalleys. Landslide dams may pose serious threats to people and their livelihoods downstream in the case ofabrupt dam failure. Since the publication of benchmark reviews of Costa and Schuster (1988) and Korup (2002),there is a growing number of studies focusing on the formation, stability, and short-term impacts of landslidedams. This review combines the insights of all these studies, builds on current concepts of landslide dams, andsuggests ways to unify terminologies and classifications. We furthermore present a new worldwide databasecompiled from literature data. It contains 410 landslide dams >1 million m3 in volume that were formed since1900 since these have the most complete data entries. These data show that dam longevity is, among otherfactors, correlated with the type of landslide forming the dam. Those formed by rock/debris avalanches androckslides have longest lifespans. However, the influence of landslide type or material on dam longevity decreaseswith time after dam formation. To ensure consistency in the next database generation, we suggestguidelines for data collection to provide a solid basis for evaluating dam stability and governing factors. Apreliminary classification matrix for landslide dam stability that combines topographic setting and the internalstructure of the dam body is another outcome of our review. Furthermore, an evaluation of the various geomorphicstability indices proposed in the literature regarding their suitability and limitations in assessing damformation and stability shows that they predict the probability of dam formation reasonably well, but that theirapplication to longevity estimates requires further assessment. The geomorphic impacts of landslide dams in theshort-, medium- and long-term are summarized and illustrated with key examples. Finally, for a better understandingof the factors controlling dam stability, we recommend to (1) include dam composition and sedimentarystructures in future case studies, (2) maintain and update the worldwide database for sound statisticalanalyses, (3) refine landslide dam stability indices and test them for different landslide types, and (4) studyhazard cascades related to multiple dams in one watershed. For long-term landscape evolution studies, wesuggest to (5) quantify terrestrial sediment flux related to landslide dams, (6) detect ancient landslide dams inriver profiles, and (7) further exploit the sediment archives in former impoundment areas.