ИСТИНА

Разработка и синтез новых материалов для органических и органо-неорганических фотоэлементов с использованием многокомпонентных реакций.

Recently, solar cells based on organic materials have attracted great attention of researchers due to some advantages over traditional inorganic solar cells, such as low cost, low weight, flexibility, and the ability to create large area flexible devices. At present, the record value of the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells is 18.2%, which is comparable to the efficiency of silicon-based solar cells. However, a number of important problems remain, the unresolvedness of which will impede the successful commercialization of organic solar cells. First of all, it is the difficulty of obtaining highly efficient materials. At present, organic donor and acceptor materials are usually synthesized using multistep syntheses with a large number of sequential synthetic steps. The total yield of target materials as a result of such syntheses is extremely low, much less than 1% (an example is given in section 4.3 of this project). In addition, at many stages, metal complex catalysts based on platinum metals are used, which further increases the cost of the entire synthesis process and leads to the need to purify the final substance from traces of colloidal metals. Thus, truly efficient photovoltaic materials cannot be considered readily available and cheap. These circumstances, obviously, restrain the development of organic photovoltaics and the commercialization of organic photovoltaic cells. Therefore, at present there is an urgent need to find simpler ways to obtain the invented photovoltaic materials, or to develop new materials with the same or higher efficiency, but which are synthesized by simpler methods. On the other hand, multicomponent reactions (MCR) are processes in which three or more readily available components react with each other during one synthetic stage to form the final product. Such processes make it possible to obtain connections that are rather complex in structure, with minimal investment of time and effort. Currently, multicomponent reactions have evolved to the level of advanced synthetic tools, the development of which is stimulated by the principles of zero-waste chemical production and "green" chemistry. Multicomponent reactions are characterized by high atomic economy, efficiency, usually high yields and low waste, reduced emissions of harmful substances into the environment, reduced consumption of solvents, reagents, catalysts and electrical energy, and reduced time and labor spent on the synthesis of target compounds. All this is reflected in the principle of "saving atoms", which is key to "green" chemistry. Due to these features of multicomponent reactions, the number of publications on the use of such processes in medical, pharmaceutical, and combinatorial chemistry is growing rapidly. At the same time, the application of the multicomponent strategy to the synthesis of conjugated materials for photovoltaic applications has been extremely little developed, although some research in this area is underway. The main reason for this is that, with all the possible variety of products of a particular multicomponent reaction, the main structural element of all compounds remains constant. In addition, even not very significant variations in the structures of the compounds participating in the reaction can strongly affect the yield of the final product, or even lead to a change in the direction of the entire process. Another disadvantage is the complexity of the development of multicomponent transformations, primarily because it is difficult to match the specific structure of the target compound and the structure of the starting much simpler reagents; it is much easier to do this using a sequence of "classical" two-component reactions. All of the above seems to be a serious obstacle to the widespread use of multicomponent processes in the synthesis of conjugated photovoltaic materials. The main way to overcome these problems is (1) expanding the variety of multicomponent transformations, (2) expanding the range of starting compounds containing activated functional groups, as well as the possibility of using catalysts that are different in nature, and (3) studying the features of the mechanism of each specific transformation. Currently, the main application of multicomponent reactions is the synthesis of libraries of polycyclic heterocyclic compounds with their subsequent screening for various types of biological activity. Obviously, multicomponent transformations can significantly reduce the time spent on finding a formula for a compound with the desired type of biological activity, establishing its exact chemical structure, creating libraries of biologically active compounds, as well as optimizing the structures of prototype compounds and studying the dependences of their activity on the structure. After all, drugs and biologically active substances are usually synthesized using multi-stage syntheses, which lead to the complexity of purification and a low total yield of the required compounds and their high cost. From this point of view, multicomponent reactions are also attractive for the synthesis of new biologically important compounds. In contrast to multi-step “linear” syntheses, a multicomponent strategy involves the interaction of three or more starting simple molecules and allows the production of a variety of structurally complex molecules in one simple synthetic step. Thus, the possibility of developing methods for obtaining new photo- and electroactive materials using a multicomponent strategy seems extremely attractive.