ИСТИНА

Настоящий проект нацелен на изучение модельных объектов – экосистем (торфяных болот, озер, морской литорали) и их элементов (сообществ микроорганизмов) являющихся, с одной стороны, ключевыми звеньями глобального цикла углерода, и, соответственно, системы «биосфера-климат», а, с другой, способных предоставить надежную палеоэкологическую информацию о динамике экосистем в течение голоцена, а также о естественных и антропогенных факторах среды, определяющих макропространственное распределение сообществ.

Biological diversity and interspecific relationships affect ecosystem processes, while they themselves are largely determined by climate. Ecosystems as elements of the global carbon cycle regulate the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, significantly determining global climate trends. The interrelation among biological communities, ecosystem processes and climate forms a complex set of positive and negative feedbacks, the understanding of which makes it possible to adequately predict the behavior of the biosphere-climate system in the conditions of large-scale planetary changes observed in recent decades. The development of more accurate predictive models is possible only on the basis of reliable data on the long-term (centuries and millennia) dynamics of ecosystems and macroscale patterns of spatial distribution of biodiversity. Taken together, this makes it possible to assess the relative role of historical, modern natural and anthropogenic filters in the formation of biological diversity and, as a consequence, ecosystem functions, including those associated with the biosphere-climate system. This project is aimed at studying model objects - ecosystems (peat bogs, lakes, marine intertidal zone) and their elements (communities of microorganisms), which are, on the one hand, key links of the global carbon cycle, and, accordingly, the biosphere-climate system, and, on the other hand, capable of providing reliable paleoecological information about the dynamics of ecosystems during the Holocene, as well as natural and anthropogenic environmental factors that determine the macroscale distribution of communities. The Project 2022 will be a logical continuation of the Project 2019 and will be implemented in two directions. THE FIRST DIRECTION is related to the study of modern communities of microorganisms in terrestrial and aquatic environments, taking into account the consideration of new types of spatial gradients, combinations of environmental factors in relation to the implemented ecosystem functions. During the implementation of the Project 2019, we obtained new data on the structure of recent communities of microorganisms (testate amoebae, ciliates, micromycetes), and also developed and tested new approaches, including metabarkoding analysis of natural samples in sphagnum maires and on the marine littoral, as well as a method for analyzing communities of testate amoebae using functional traits. In particular, using an additive approach in the analysis of species diversity, the relative role of historical and modern factors acting on different scales in the formation of recent communities of Sphagnum- and soil-dwelling testate amoebae, as well as marine psammophilic ciliates, was determined. Using various ordination methods and the "fourth corner" method, several approaches to quantifying the relationship between the taxonomic and functional structure of testate amoeba assemblages with vegetation structure and environmental factors were tested. The role of the main climatic factors (humidity, temperature, light intensity) on the formation of morphological and molecular diversity of individual groups of microorganisms (testate amoebae, ciliates and micromycetes) in Sphagnum mires and on the marine littoral was determined during field manipulation experiments. In addition, the stability of microbial communities was determined during the experimental translocation of sites between different types of vegetation in the tundra. Within the framework of the Project 2022, based on the achievements of the Project 2019, we assume: - firstly, to carry out an additional analysis of the dependencies of microbial communities and environmental climatic factors using new approaches, in particular, to determine the effect of temperature on microbial communities in sphagnum bogs on the latitudinal gradient in European Russia, laying the sites for long-term monitoring, as well as to summarize the available data on the influence of climatic factors on the diversity and structure of testate amoeba assemblages and micromycetes in the Arctic; - secondly, for the first time to compare the structure of communities of testate amoebae and micromycetes with the ecosystem functions of sphagnum mires (microbial photosynthesis, respiration and carbon emission); in particular, it is planned to analyze the data of field transplantation experiments to study the effect of changes in temperature, humidity and light intensity on the metabarcoding and taxonomic diversity of microbial communities and their relationship with the intensity of total respiration of the community in photosynthetic layers of Sphagnum. In addition, we expect to identify correlations between the species structure of vegetation communities and testate amoeba assemblages in relation to greenhouse gas emissions, as well as to assess the relationship between the structure of testate amoeba assemblages, the structure and abundance of phototrophic microorganisms and the intensity of photosynthesis. - thirdly, to expand the geography of research, the set of studied types of spatial heterogeneity and the scope of research in determining the role of various environmental factors in the formation of communities of microorganisms; in particular, we suppose determining the relationship between the structures of Sphagnum- and soil-dwelling testate amoeba assemblages with vegetation type, moisture level, altitude above the sea level, geographical latitude in the regions of Eastern Europe, the Northern Urals, Western and Central Siberia, and the Far East; structures of communities of marine benthic ciliates and micromycetes with substrate characteristics, light intensity and salinity, as well as changes in the structure of the community of testate amoebae and micromycetes on the gradient "marine littoral - terrestrial ecosystems"; structures of communities of freshwater benthic testate amoebae with substrate characteristics, depth and lake type; structures of communities of testate amoebae in urbanized ecosystems with heterogeneity and degree of habitat disturbance. THE SECOND DIRECTION is related to the paleoreconstruction of the dynamics of mire and lake ecosystems in the Holocene and further improvement of transfer function for reconstructions. During the implementation of the Project 2019, we obtained new data on the Holocene dynamics of the process of forest waterlogging in the north taiga subzone of European Russia (Kindo Peninsula, North Karelia), the formation of polygonal swamps in the tundra (Samoilovsky Island, Lena River Delta), lake waterlogging in the south taiga subzone of European Russia (north of the Valdai Upland) and the zone of broad-leaved forests of European Russia (Kaluga region), forest waterlogging in the Middle Taiga subzone of Western Siberia ( the Mukhrino mire complex). In addition, the accuracy of paleoreconstructions using testate amoeba analysis was significantly improved. In particular, a review of the use of functional traits during testate amoeba analysis was carried out and a transfer function based on functional traits was developed for tropical peatlands; the construction of a database on Asian peatlands made it possible to develop and verify a pan-Asian transfer function linking the structure of testate amoeba assemblages and the water table depth in mires. Within the framework of the Project 2022, based on the achievements of the Project 2019, we plan to: - firstly, to significantly expand the geography of paleoecological work carried out on peat bogs, including new regions (south and north taiga subzones, as well as tundra zone in the central part of European Russia; middle taiga subzone and tundra zone of eastern European Russia; south, north taiga and forest tundra subzones of Western Siberia; middle and north taiga subzones of Central Siberia), to include in the analysis late Pleistocene buried soils (middle taiga subzone of European Russia), as well as bottom sediments of lakes (southern and middle Taiga subzones of European Russia); - secondly, to identify the manifestation of local (intraregional) variability of the Holocene dynamics of mire ecosystems by studying two mires in the north and south taiga subzones, as well as the zone of mixed forests of European Russia and the middle taiga subzones of Western Siberia; - thirdly, to improve the accuracy of rhizopod analysis in paleoecological studies, to develop new calibration models describing the relationship between the functional traits and species structure of testate amoeba assemblages, on the one hand, and the surface wetness of miresd, on the other (based on a generalized database for Western and Eastern Europe, as well as a generalized database for Western and Central Siberia); in addition, it is planned to unify the taxonomic characteristics of testate amoebae to harmonize basic taxonomic information during testate amoeba analysis. The planned works and expected results are at the very forefront of the development of modern science, as they define new approaches to reconstructing the dynamics of the environment and ecosystems during the Holocene by determining the links between the structure of microbial communities and ecosystem functions associated with the emission and accumulation of greenhouse gases. The results of fundamental research obtained during the implementation of this project will allow us to develop the expanding applied use of microorganisms in conducting paleoreconstructions of climate and landscapes, as well as when using them as bioindicators of the state of the environment and ecosystems.

В рамках Проекта 2022, основываясь на достижениях Проекта 2019, мы планируем: - во-первых, существенно расширить географию проводимых палеоэкологических работ на торфяниках, включив новые регионы (южно- и северотаежную подзоны, а также тундровую зону в центральной части Европейской России; среднетаежную подзону и тундровую зону восточной части Европейской России; южно-, северотаежную и лесотундровую подзоны Западной Сибири; средне- и северотаежную подзоны Средней Сибири), включить в анализ позднеплейстоценовые погребенные почвы (среднетаежная подзона Европейской России), а также донные отложения озер (южно- и среднетаежная подзоны Европейской России); - во-вторых, выявить проявление локальной (внутрирегиональной) вариативности голоценовой динамики болотных экосистем, изучив по два различных объекта в северо- и южнотаежной подзонах, а также зоне смешанных лесов Европейской России и среднетаежной подзоны Западной Сибири; - в-третьих, для повышения точности ризоподного анализа в палеоэкологических исследованиях разработать новые калибровочные модели, описывающие зависимость между функциональными признаками и видовой структурой сообществ раковинных амеб, с одной стороны, и поверхностной влажностью болот, с другой (на основе обобщенной базы данных для Западной и Восточной Европы, а также обобщенной базы данных для Западной и Средней Сибири); кроме того, планируется провести унификацию таксономических признаков раковинных амеб для гармонизации базовой таксономической информации при проведении ризоподного анализа. Планируемые работы и предполагаемые результаты находятся на самом переднем крае развития современной науки, т.к. определяют новые подходы к реконструкции динамики окружающей среды и экосистем в течение голоцена путем определения связей между структурой микробных сообществ и экосистемными функциями, связанными с эмиссией и аккумуляцией парниковых газов. Полученные в ходе выполнения настоящего проекта результаты фундаментальных исследований позволят развивать расширяющееся прикладное использование микроорганизмов при проведении палеореконструкций климата и ландшафтов, а также при использовании их в качестве биоиндикаторов состояния окружающей среды и экосистем.

Данный проект является логическим продолжением проекта, выполнение которого было осуществлялось в период с 2019 по 2021 гг. При выполнении Проекта 2019 нами были получены новые данные о структуре рецентных сообществ протистов, а также разработаны и апробированы новые подходы, включая метабаркодинговый анализ природных образцов в сфагновых болотах и на морской литорали, а также способ анализа сообществ раковинных амеб с использованием функциональных признаков. В частности, с использованием аддитивного подхода при анализе видового разнообразия была определена относительная роль исторических и современных факторов, действующих в разных масштабах, в формировании рецентных сообществ сфагнобионтных и почвообитающих раковинных амеб, а также морских псаммофильных инфузорий. С использованием разнообразных методов ординации и метода «четвертого угла» были апробированы подходы к количественной оценке связи между таксономической и функциональной структурой сообществ раковинных амеб со структурой растительности и факторами среды. При проведении полевых мезокосменных экспериментов была определена роль основных климатических факторов (влажности, температуры, уровня освещенности) на формирование морфологического и молекулярного разнообразия отдельных групп микроорганизмов (главным образом, раковинных амеб, инфузорий и микромицетов) в сфагновых болотах и на морской литорали. Кроме того, была определена устойчивость сообществ микроорганизмов при экспериментальном перемещении площадок между разными видами растительности в тундре.