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ABSTRACT:Theory of post-capitalist mixed economy has some empirical foundations. One of them – practices of the USSR in the period of New Economic Policy (1921 – 1927). The history of this period shows, that mixed economy is (1) combination of system of relations of late capitalism and early socialism (not only market and plan, private and social property); (2) this combination is system of contradictions, struggle “Who – Whom”; (3) it has vector of development: either progress towards communism or regress back to capitalism; stable long term integration of this elements cannot exist. This 3 points are also consequence of the Marxist theory of transformation of the “realm of necessity” towards the “realm of freedom”.